Pada tahun 1619, sebuah kapal muncul di cakrawala ini, di dekat Point Comfort, salah satu pelabuhan di pantai jajahan Inggris yang bernama Virginia. Kapal tersebut membawa lebih dari 20 orang budak Afrika, yang akan dijual kepada para pendatang baru di koloni itu. Semua aspek kehidupan negara yang terbentuk di sini terpengaruh oleh terjadinya perbudakan yang berlanjut selama bertahun-tahun kemudian. Pada peringatan 400 tahun dari momentum yang amat menentukan itu, akhirnya sudah tiba saatnya untuk menceritakan kisah kita dengan jujur.
Proyek Tahun 1619
Proyek Tahun 1619 adalah inisiatif utama dari The New York Times untuk memperingati peringatan 400 tahun dimulainya perbudakan di Amerika. Inisiatif ini bertujuan untuk merumus kembali sejarah negara ini, memahami tahun 1619 sebagai permulaan negara kita yang sebenarnya, dan mengetengahkan konsekuensi dari perbudakan dan kontribusi orang Afrika Amerika di kisah yang kita ceritakan kepada diri kita sendiri tentang siapa kita. (Baca lebih lanjut di https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/08/14/magazine/1619-america-slavery.html)
On Saturday November 2, 2019, a public seminar will take place in cooperation with the National Archives. During this seminar we will focus on (archival) research: what does research look like in practice? Which sources are used for the research programme and what do they tell us? How do the researchers deal with one-sidedness and inconsistencies in the sources? And how do they ensure multi-perspectivity?
The programme researchers and some external experts share experiences from their research practice in workshops and presentations. In addition, the National Archives gives workshops on archival research, as well as tours through the depot and the exhibition Highlights in perspective.
The seminar comprises of a morning and an afternoon session, with an almost identical program. Conference registration for one of the half-day sessions is possible via Eventbrite. Both parts of the day contain Dutch and English sessions. The main language of the plenary session is Dutch, with English surtitles. The full program is available on our website.
You can register for the morning or afternoon session at Eventbrite. Conference registration is possible until Sunday October 27, 11.30 p.m.
A joint research programme of the Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies (KITLV), the Netherlands Institute of Military History (NIMH) and the NIOD, Netherlands Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies. Read more here.
We relaxed in the front guestroom. My younger siblings who werenât grown up yet, who still appeared so wild, now began to draw near and we talked a great deal, about Djakarta, about Semarang, and about cars. The conversation wasnât boring, it made me happy and it usually carried on for a long time.
And at one point I asked, âHowâs fatherâs health?â
Suddenly everyone went quiet; not one person was looking directly at me. Suddenly the animated joyful conversation was gone, replaced by an air of seriousness.
And I asked again, âHow is fatherâs health?â
Carefully and slowly my sister answered, âWe received the pills and the blanket you sent for father. I also received the money order and we used it to buy milk and eggs, just as you instructed.â
My wife and I listened silently. She continued, âI also collected the shirt for father from the post office. And I took the blanket, the shirt, and the pills to the hospital. But father said, âJust take them all back to the house.â So I brought them home again.â
I was surprised and asked, âAnd the pills?â
“He has finished one container.”
I was pleased a little.
âAnd the milk and eggs?â I asked again.
âFather didnât like them. âIâm bored with eggs and milk,â he said.â
I was lost for words. I looked at my wife, but in her face, I did not find an answer. I glanced outside the house. I noticed the orange tree which father had long ago planted. It was dry now and almost dead.
âAnd fatherâs health?â I repeated my question.
My younger sister didnât reply. Her eyes reddened with tears.
âWhy donât you answer me?â I asked fearfully.
âYesterday and up to yesterday father just smiled, smiled a lot. But then, thenâŠâ
She was silent. I did not force her to continue what she was saying. I didnât say anything either. Both of us sat for a time with our heads bowed. My youngest sister, who had just begun to speak to me, now wouldnât say a word. The time was only just half-past twelve in the afternoon and the sound of frying could be heard clearly coming from the kitchen.
My younger sister continued, her voice still slow, foreboding and careful. ââŠand then this morning father wasnât smiling anymore. His voice was weak and almost inaudible.â Her voice trailed away.
âAnd what did the doctor say?â I asked.
âThe doctor has never said anything to us. There is just one doctor here. And there arenât enough medicines.â
Then my younger brother, who by chance was home on leave with permission from his commander said, âIâve discussed fatherâs illness with the doctor too. He said, âI already know about your fatherâs illness.ââ
âIs that all he said?â I asked.
âYes. Thatâs all. Then they told me to go home.â
The atmosphere turned serious once more. Everyone sat silently with their own feelings and their own thoughts. Then without realizing it, my younger sister changed the subject of the conversation to a new topic. She mentioned that my third younger sister, the one who was married, was currently in Blora too. Straight away I asked her where she was.
Her hand pointed to the door of one of the bedrooms. All eyes followed the direction she indicated. In my mind, I could see my sisterâs face and I imagined she was thin. I knew it; she had to be sick. But I opened my mouth and said, âTell her to come out.â
My younger sister went over to the door and opened it carefully. Every eye was on her. She disappeared into the room, then she emerged red-eyed and said, half crying, âSheâs still asleep.â
We talked about other things. But the image of my sick younger sister filled my mind. It was because of her I wrote the letter to my father, the unpleasant letter, for allowing her to become sick. But at the time I was still in jail. My father had replied:
Yes, my child, throughout my life of fifty-six years I have realized that peopleâs efforts and means are very limited. For my part, I wouldnât have allowed your sister to become ill if only I had some power over peopleâs fates. She became sick when she was detained by the red militia in an area that was swampy, an area rife with malaria. And maybe you can understand yourself the situation with medicines in a war zone, and especially if you yourself are not a soldier.
That reply melted my anger. The question had been clear in my heart, âDid I sin by writing that angry letter?â The answer had come back by itself, âYes, you have sinned.â And it had been because of that answer I had felt up to this time that I had sinned. Before seeing father again. But that long wandering conversation had removed these terrible memories. I looked at my six younger siblings surrounding me, surrounding my wife and I, starting to be free of the atmosphere of seriousness, while I was still stuck with so many thoughts and memories pressing in.
I noticed my watch. We had been talking for an hour. Then looking at my smallest sister I said slowly, âPlease look in on your big sister. Maybe sheâs awake.â
She got up, went to the door and called out in her childish voice, âSister, sister. Big brotherâs here.â
She vanished into the bedroom.
No-one was paying much attention to her and the conversation broke out again. But when my smallest sister emerged, the conversation halted. She approached me and whispered, âSisterâs crying.â
I took a deep breath.
Slowly I stood up and went over to the bedroom. And there sprawled on the iron bed devoid of mosquito netting, half blanketed by a light cotton sheet, was my little sister, covering her eyes with her arm. I lifted her arm and I beheld two eyes looking up at me, red and moist. I hugged her. She started to cry and I too wept, and among the sobs, I could hear my own voice ask, âWhy are you so thin?â
Her crying subsided and she composed herself, so she was calmer. And I did the same.
âIâve been sick for a long time, brother,â I listened to her broken voice.
âHave you been to the doctor?â I asked, my voice cracking too.
âIâve seen the doctor, but my condition just stays like this,â her voice still breaking.
âMaybe it would be better if you went to a large city. There are a lot of specialists there,â my voice still breaking.
There was just sobbing.
âDo you have any children, sister?â
âYes, brother.â
âWhere are they?â
Our crying had subsided, but my sister now broke out in tears again. She answered without emotion, âHe passed away, brother. Heâs not here anymore.â
She snatched back the arm I was holding and covered her eyes again. I took out my handkerchief and wiped the tears running down her face.
âWhat do you mean not here,â I asked.
âI gave birth at six months. He cried a lot. I could hear him crying. Then God took him back again.â
Once more I started to weep openly and she too sobbed uncontrollably. All I could hear now was the storm heaving in my chest. And all I could see was her thin body, the single cloth sheet, the small mattress covering only half the bed frame, and the iron and the bamboo slats protruding next to the mattress.
âYouâre still young, little sister, you still have the chance to have another child,â I said to comfort her.
âWhereâs your husband?â
âHeâs doing training in Semarang, brother.â
Our crying, which had filled that room, now subsided and eventually died.
I straightened the blanket, kissed my younger sister on her cheek and I said, âGo to sleep.â
She took her arm away from her eyes. She was calm now. Slowly she closed her eyelids. Once more I kissed her on the cheeks, cheeks that had once been so full and which were now so drawn. Then I left the room.
Kompas Daily Op-Ed: The Armed Forces, Capital, and Politics
By Danang Widoyoko, October 11, 2017
KOMPAS – Many observers believe Indonesian National Armed Forces Commander General Gatot Nurmantyo has started campaigning for election. Some believe specifically that Gatot has started mobilizing support from political parties and Islamic organizations. Some think that flaming fears of a revival of the Indonesian Communist Party, and mobilizing the public to watch the film “G30S/PKI”, are part of efforts to build support for boosting his popularity and electability. There have even been many calls for him to resign as commander of the armed forces. Gatotâs maneuvering has been seen by many observers as in reality representing not just his own ambition. Gatotâs action is viewed as representing the disappointment and frustration of the Indonesian Armed Forces and, in particular, the Indonesian Army which has lost both its role and access to material resources. In the context of an understanding of the history of capital formation in Indonesia it is very important to develop a policy for creating a professional armed force and its financial implications.
Domestic Capital
In his classic study Indonesia: The Rise of Capital (1986), Richard Robison demonstrated how the New Order regime generated domestic capital. He described four major sectors of domestic capital formation: Chinese conglomerates, indigenous conglomerates, state capital and state-owned enterprises (BUMN) and military businesses. With support, facilities, and protection, these four sectors of domestic capital grew large and produced conglomerates in various parts of the economy. However, the 1997 economic crisis and the subsequent topping from power of the New Order meant that domestic capital faced a difficult situation. Reforms by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) cut all the facilities and protection for domestic capital. Since then, policies of privatization and liberalization opened the door to international capital which has come to compete with domestic capital. In practice, that period represented a difficult time for domestic capital. In their book Reorganizing Power in Indonesia (2004), Robison and Vedi Hadiz described the rise of an oligarchy. Rather than being sidelined, political and economic elites in fact grew stronger in the wake of the reforms. Then, what about the development of domestic capital? According to Christian Chua in his book Chinese Big Business in Indonesia (2009), democracy and decentralization, in fact, facilitated the expansion of the Chinese conglomerates. With the large financial resources they possessed, the role of these conglomerates became important in the political system which has come to be characterized by the practice of money politics. The second sector of capital, indigenous capital, was also able to prosper, not only in the economy but also in politics. In 2007, Forbes magazine crowned Aburizal Bakrie the richest person in Indonesia. Having once led the Golkar Party, Bakrie is possibly presently having difficulty with the burden of debt in his business group. Even so, he continues to rank among Indonesiaâs richest people and is an influential figure inside the Golkar Party. Another example is the businessman Jusuf Kalla, current Indonesia’s Vice President. The third sector of capital, state-owned enterprises, is presently rising to dominance again in a variety of sectors of the economy. President Joko Widodoâs focus on infrastructure development has positioned state-owned enterprises as important players. Capital injection and infrastructure development have made the state-owned enterprises increasingly large. Previously, the program of reform of state-owned enterprises that was supported by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) succeeded in restructuring the state-owned enterprises. In semester I 2017, the total assets of state-owned enterprises reached Rp 6,694 trillion (US$498 mil) (Kompas.com 30/8/2017) or almost 50 percent of Indonesiaâs gross domestic product (GDP). Then what about the fourth sector of domestic capital, military businesses? In contrast to the other three areas of domestic capital, military businesses are currently in a slump. Public Law 34/2004 concerning the Indonesian National Armed Forces strongly prohibited the military from operating businesses and instructed the Armed Forces to surrender business entities to the state. To date, it is not clear what progress has been made in the process of surrendering these military businesses. However, I suspect the majority of these businesses either operate at a loss or have been taken over by their business partners. Another factor that has caused the decline in military businesses is the firm separation of the function of defense from that of security. The military has not only withdrawn from business, but also in relation to security which has now become the task of the police. The withdrawal of the Armed Forces from the task of security has closed off access for the military to informal and illegal sources of funds connected to protection and security. Aside from the decline of the military businesses, the military has now also lost access to material resources through political positions. The generation of General Gatot Nurmantyo is the generation that prior to joining the Armed Forces expected that on retiring they would occupy important positions within the bureaucracy, parliament or regional government. In a democratic political landscape, these positions are only obtained through stiff competition among politicians. The military, of course, has had difficulty competing with these politicians who have been developing capabilities and networks developed in fact during their days as university students.
Professional Military
In relation to the maneuver of General Gatot currently under scrutiny, there are two important points for discussion. Firstly, with the withdrawal of the Armed Forces from parliament and the closing of military businesses, the military has generally returned to barracks. However, it is now, in fact, civilian politicians who have been âinvitingâ the Armed Forces to jump the fence out of the barracks and to back into politics. Secondly, returning to barracks and becoming a professional military requires funds. Without calculating this cost, the invitation from politicians who are inviting General Gatot, and later also other generals, will continue to be repeated. For this reason, the formulation of what kind of professional military is needed, and how much is needed to fund it, is a pressing issue. Making the Armed Forces into a professional military requires a significant amount of money, however, it is very important for the future of politics and democracy in Indonesia.
Banyaknya bos-bos BUMN yang terciduk oleh KPK menimbulkan banyak pertanyaan mengenai bagaimana sistem pengawasan Kementerian BUMN terhadap jajaran direksi. Ini penjelasan Rini: #BUMNhttps://t.co/3HyEjhr0XB
Rumah seorang kontraktor disita oleh bank karena pemerintah tak kunjung melunasi pembayarannya. Nasib kontraktor ini mewakili puluhan ribu pelaku usaha konstruksi lokal yang babak belur di tengah gencarnya pembangunan infrastruktur.https://t.co/K0JksdoHs0
Anggota Komisaris dan Direksi BUMN harus keluar dari Partai Politik untuk menghindari perbenturan kepentingan Partai dengan fungsinya dalam BUMN. Suatu logika yg seyogianya juga berlaku bagi anggota kabinet yg loyalitas kpd Negara harus diatas Partai.
